Pollution is highly localized: take the back streets

A busy street showing how the pollution varies in different locations compared to a back street which is much cleaner

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Sure the big city is worse than the country. But the reality is back streets in a big city are significantly better than the busy streets in a big city, and air pollution changes massively even for small children down at the height of exhausts versus adults standing higher.

So if you’re not about to move to the country you could help yourself a lot nonetheless by taking the back streets (I read this premise in Focus magazine, but can’t find an online link to reference).

Published 7 Nov 2013

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Marchetti’s constant

The real shape of a crossing

Marchetti's constant is the idea that people throughout history have budgeted, on average, about an hour a day for travelling. Originally observed by Yacov Zahavi, it came from the observation that even as our means of transport sped up, instead of travelling less each day, we would just travel further. This leads to the conclusion that the size of our cities increases partly according to how efficiently we can travel in and out—they generally increase to a size that maintains about an hour of round-trip travel time. Cesare Marchetti observed that Greek villages and ancient walking cities, as marked by ancient city walls, tend to share a radius of about 2.5km. Walking at a typical 5km/hr makes a one-hour round-trip journey. He also pointed out that: “Even people in prison for a life sentence, having nothing to do and nowhere to go, walk around for one hour a day, in the open.” Unfortunately, if you live in London, the average round-trip seems to be an exception of 1h30. This is also known as the constant travel time budget hypothesis. Also see: Isochrones. It might be interesting to look at these according to transport method Our senses are built to take in information at human pace Image adapted from: Marchetti, C., 1994: Anthropological Invariants in Travel Behavior, Technological Forecasting and Social Change , 47 :75–88, Internal Publication, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.…Marchetti's constant is the idea that people throughout history have budgeted, on average, about an hour a day for travelling. Originally observed by Yacov Zahavi, it came from the observation that even as our means of transport sped up, instead of travelling less each day, we would just travel further. This leads to the conclusion that the size of our cities increases partly according to how efficiently we can travel in and out—they generally increase to a size that maintains about an hour of round-trip travel time. Cesare Marchetti observed that Greek villages and ancient walking cities, as marked by ancient city walls, tend to share a radius of about 2.5km. Walking at a typical 5km/hr makes a one-hour round-trip journey. He also pointed out that: “Even people in prison for a life sentence, having nothing to do and nowhere to go, walk around for one hour a day, in the open.” Unfortunately, if you live in London, the average round-trip seems to be an exception of 1h30. This is also known as the constant travel time budget hypothesis. Also see: Isochrones. It might be interesting to look at these according to transport method Our senses are built to take in information at human pace Image adapted from: Marchetti, C., 1994: Anthropological Invariants in Travel Behavior, Technological Forecasting and Social Change , 47 :75–88, Internal Publication, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.

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